统一 2D 渲染链路以消除格式分叉和热路径中转

将图片主路径收口为 RGBA5551 输入、RGB565 backbuffer 输出，并删除 USE_RGB565_BACKBUFFER 双路径。sprite/tilemap 主绘制改为直接 RGBA5551 -> RGB565，透明语义固定为 1-bit alpha test。同步收口 SDL/FB present 路径、sprite 资源加载/导出规范，以及相关测试与文档。 Constraint: 运行时图片主路径需统一到 RGBA5551，不能继续保留主要 RGBA8888 分支 Constraint: 透明仅支持 1-bit 语义，不引入 alpha blending Rejected: 保留 USE_RGB565_BACKBUFFER 宏双路径 | 持续增加维护成本并掩盖真实主链路 Rejected: 主绘制继续走 RGBA5551 -> RGBA8888 -> RGB565 | 热路径存在不必要中转 Confidence: high Scope-risk: moderate Directive: 后续图片资源默认按 RGBA5551 接入；不要重新引入通用 RGBA8888 主运行时路径 Directive: 字体 atlas 目前仍属兼容输入；若继续收口，优先改成 1-bit mask 而不是新的图片分支 Tested: render_pipeline_tests；SDL Demo Release 构建；搜索确认无 USE_RGB565_BACKBUFFER 残留 Not-tested: Linux framebuffer 目标实机构建与显示验证
2026-06-08 18:32:04 +08:00 · 2026-06-08 18:32:04 +08:00 · 5ac61dca0e
parent 8785368913
commit 5ac61dca0e
19 changed files with 167075 additions and 166993 deletions
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@ -55,11 +55,7 @@ AGENTS.md
 .omc
 .omx

-build-win
-build-linux
-build-arm-fb
-build-arm-sdl
-build-check
+build-*

 .idea

--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.16)
 project(IMX6U-Game)
+include(CTest)

 set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 11)
 set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
@ -9,7 +10,6 @@ if(NOT CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES AND NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE)
 endif()

 option(USE_FRAMEBUFFER "Use Linux framebuffer instead of SDL2" OFF)
-option(USE_RGB565_BACKBUFFER "Use RGB565 internal backbuffer to eliminate present conversion on RGB565 fb0" OFF)

 set(CORE_SOURCES
    src/Core/Asset/ObjLoader.cpp
@ -63,10 +63,6 @@ if(USE_FRAMEBUFFER)
    target_compile_definitions(imx6u_core PUBLIC USE_FRAMEBUFFER)
 endif()

-if(USE_RGB565_BACKBUFFER)
-    target_compile_definitions(imx6u_core PUBLIC USE_RGB565_BACKBUFFER)
-endif()
-
 if(USE_FRAMEBUFFER)
 else()
    if(WIN32)
@ -139,3 +135,38 @@ endfunction()

 add_subdirectory(src/Apps/Game)
 add_subdirectory(src/Apps/Demo)
+
+if(BUILD_TESTING AND NOT USE_FRAMEBUFFER)
+    add_executable(render_pipeline_tests
+        tests/render_pipeline_tests.cpp
+    )
+    target_link_libraries(render_pipeline_tests PRIVATE imx6u_core)
+    target_include_directories(render_pipeline_tests PRIVATE ${CORE_INCLUDE_DIRS})
+
+    if(CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES)
+        foreach(config ${CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES})
+            string(TOUPPER "${config}" config_upper)
+            set_target_properties(render_pipeline_tests PROPERTIES
+                RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY_${config_upper} "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/${config}"
+            )
+        endforeach()
+    else()
+        set_target_properties(render_pipeline_tests PROPERTIES
+            RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}"
+        )
+    endif()
+
+    if(WIN32)
+        add_custom_command(TARGET render_pipeline_tests POST_BUILD
+            COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy_if_different
+            "${SDL2_DLL}"
+            "$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:render_pipeline_tests>"
+        )
+    endif()
+
+    if(MSVC)
+        target_compile_options(render_pipeline_tests PRIVATE /utf-8 /W3)
+    endif()
+
+    add_test(NAME render_pipeline_tests COMMAND render_pipeline_tests)
+endif()
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -321,15 +321,15 @@ IMX6U-Game/

 ### Framebuffer 性能说明

-`FBDisplay` 是直接写 `/dev/fb0` 的对照后端。当前实现会从 CPU 侧 `FrameBuffer` 提交到系统 framebuffer，并针对常见像素格式提供快速路径：
+`FBDisplay` 是直接写 `/dev/fb0` 的对照后端。当前实现会从 CPU 侧 `RGB565 FrameBuffer` 提交到系统 framebuffer，并针对常见像素格式提供快速路径：

- RGB565：使用专用 RGBA -> RGB565 转换；
- ARGB8888 / XRGB8888 类 32bpp：使用专用通道重排；
- RGBA8888 且行宽连续时：整块 `memcpy`。
+- RGB565：直接行拷贝；
+- ARGB8888 / XRGB8888 类 32bpp：使用专用 `RGB565 -> 32-bit` 转换；
+- 其他格式：走统一 display conversion。

 板端性能测试必须使用 Release 构建。一次测试中，未优化 ARM 构建曾导致 `Frame:81ms / Present:69ms`，开启 Release 后同一轻量 2D demo 可达到约 76 FPS。该结果说明 `/dev/fb0` 整屏提交仍是关键热点，但构建类型会极大影响结论。后续优化优先级：

-1. 直接使用与目标 fb0 一致的 backbuffer 像素格式，例如 RGB565，减少提交时转换；
+1. 对 32-bit fb0 增加更快的 `RGB565 -> 目标格式` 批量转换；
 2. 2D 场景使用 dirty rect / 局部提交，避免每帧整屏写入；
 3. 避免无 3D 内容时清理 depth buffer；
 4. 对 tile/sprite 增加不透明行拷贝、预转换资源或专用批处理路径。
@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ IMX6U-Game/
 **已完成：**
 - 可旋转立方体的 3D 渲染（MVP 变换、背面剔除、扫描线填充、深度测试）
 - 双平台显示后端（SDL2 / Framebuffer）
- 离线资源转换工具：PNG sprite -> C++ 头文件，像素字体 -> bitmap atlas/header
+- 离线资源转换工具：PNG sprite -> RGBA5551 C++ 头文件，像素字体 -> bitmap atlas/header
 - 基础 2D sprite、SpriteRegion、bitmap font 文本绘制和 tilemap 视口绘制，当前 demo 显示 FPS 文本、测试 sprite 和小型滚动 tilemap
 - Core 目录规范化，代码收敛到 `src/Core/`
 - `Core::DrawContext` 统一绘制入口，封装现有绘制能力
--- a/assets/sprite/test_sprite.h
+++ b/assets/sprite/test_sprite.h
@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
-// Auto-generated by tools/png_to_header.py
-#pragma once
-#include <cstdint>
-
-static const int32_t test_sprite_width = 16;
-static const int32_t test_sprite_height = 16;
-
-static const uint32_t test_sprite_pixels[] = {
-    0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000,
-    0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000,
-    0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0x00000000, 0x00000000,
-    0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0x00000000, 0x00000000,
-    0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0x00000000, 0x00000000,
-    0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0x00000000, 0x00000000,
-    0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0x00000000, 0x00000000,
-    0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0x00000000, 0x00000000,
-    0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0x00000000, 0x00000000,
-    0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0x00000000, 0x00000000,
-    0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0x00000000, 0x00000000,
-    0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xFF6464FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0x00000000, 0x00000000,
-    0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0x00000000, 0x00000000,
-    0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0xDC2828FF, 0x00000000, 0x00000000,
-    0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000,
-    0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000,
-};
+// Auto-generated by tools/png_to_header.py
+#pragma once
+#include <cstdint>
+
+static const int32_t test_sprite_width = 16;
+static const int32_t test_sprite_height = 16;
+
+static const uint16_t test_sprite_pixels[] = {
+    0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+    0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+    0x0000, 0x0000, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+    0x0000, 0x0000, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+    0x0000, 0x0000, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+    0x0000, 0x0000, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+    0x0000, 0x0000, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+    0x0000, 0x0000, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+    0x0000, 0x0000, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+    0x0000, 0x0000, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+    0x0000, 0x0000, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+    0x0000, 0x0000, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xFB19, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+    0x0000, 0x0000, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+    0x0000, 0x0000, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0xD94B, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+    0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+    0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+};
--- a/docs/DEVELOPMENT_GUIDELINES.md
+++ b/docs/DEVELOPMENT_GUIDELINES.md
@ -105,7 +105,8 @@ Framebuffer 后端是 IMX6U 上最容易误判性能的路径。`FBDisplay::pres
 - ARM / framebuffer 性能测试必须使用 Release 构建；单配置生成器应确认 `CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release`。
 - 性能结论必须拆分 `Frame` 和 `Present` 耗时；如果 `Present` 接近 `Frame`，优先优化显示提交，而不是游戏逻辑。
 - fb0 像素格式应在初始化时打印并据此走专用路径，常见格式包括 RGB565、ARGB8888/XRGB8888、RGBA8888。
- 避免每帧重复做不必要的通用 RGBA 转换；可考虑目标格式 backbuffer、预转换资源、行拷贝、dirty rect 和局部提交。
+- 当前规范固定 `FrameBuffer` 为 `RGB565`；sprite/tilemap 主路径直接从 `RGBA5551` 写入 `RGB565`，透明仅支持 1-bit alpha test（`A=0` 跳过，`A=1` 覆写）。
+- 避免每帧重复做不必要的通用 RGBA 转换；优先使用 `RGB565` 行拷贝、预转换资源、dirty rect 和局部提交。
 - 直接写 `/dev/fb0` 不是原子换屏；LCD 控制器可能边扫描边显示正在写入的内存，因此肉眼流畅度不等同于完整帧率。

 已观察到的板端测试结论：
@ -139,9 +140,9 @@ Framebuffer 后端是 IMX6U 上最容易误判性能的路径。`FBDisplay::pres

 - 图片、字体等外部资源应在离线阶段转换为运行时直接可用的数据格式，避免在 IMX6U 热路径或启动关键路径中引入 PNG/TTF 解码成本。
 - 当前工具约定：
-  - `tools/png_to_header.py`：PNG -> `uint32_t` RGBA 头文件。
+  - `tools/png_to_header.py`：PNG -> `uint16_t` `RGBA5551` 头文件（sprite 主路径）。
  - `tools/gen_font_atlas.py`：像素字体 TTF -> ASCII bitmap font atlas/header。
- 生成像素格式统一为 `(R << 24) | (G << 16) | (B << 8) | A`，与 `RenderData::Color::to_rgba()` 和 `Core::FrameBuffer` 当前格式保持一致。
+- sprite 运行时输入规范统一为 `RGBA5551`，内部 backbuffer 统一为 `RGB565`；字体 atlas 目前仍允许局部兼容 `RGBA8888` 输入，但只使用 1-bit alpha 语义，不支持 alpha blending。
 - 源资源、生成脚本和生成头文件应同时提交，保证资源可追溯、可复现。
 - 运行时绘制 sprite/font/tilemap 时只做裁剪、透明判断、颜色替换、tile id 查表或必要的像素拷贝；不要在绘制函数内做文件 IO、图片解码、字体栅格化或动态分配。
 - Tilemap 绘制应按视口可见范围遍历 tile，不能每帧无条件扫描整张地图；视口边缘允许通过 sprite 像素裁剪显示半个 tile。
--- a/src/Apps/Demo/main.cpp
+++ b/src/Apps/Demo/main.cpp
@ -133,13 +133,21 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 	Platform::SteadyTimeSource time_source;

 	RenderData::BitmapFont font;
-	font.atlas = RenderData::Image(font_atlas_pixels, font_atlas_width, font_atlas_height);
+	font.atlas = RenderData::Image(
+		font_atlas_pixels,
+		font_atlas_width,
+		font_atlas_height,
+		RenderData::PixelFormat::RGBA8888);
 	font.char_w = font_char_w;
 	font.char_h = font_char_h;
 	font.columns = font_columns;
 	font.first_char = font_first_char;

-	RenderData::Image sprite_img(test_sprite_pixels, test_sprite_width, test_sprite_height, 0x00000000);
+	RenderData::Image sprite_img(
+		test_sprite_pixels,
+		test_sprite_width,
+		test_sprite_height,
+		RenderData::PixelFormat::RGBA5551);
 	RenderData::SpriteRegion sprite_region(&sprite_img, 0, 0, sprite_img.width, sprite_img.height);

 	const std::array<uint16_t, 8 * 4> tileIds = {
--- a/src/Apps/Game/generated/tom_atlas.h
+++ b/src/Apps/Game/generated/tom_atlas.h
--- a/src/Apps/Game/tools/asset_pipeline/SpriteAssetTool.cpp
+++ b/src/Apps/Game/tools/asset_pipeline/SpriteAssetTool.cpp
@ -271,12 +271,25 @@ namespace
 		return atlas_pixels;
 	}

-	static void WritePixel(std::ofstream& file, uint32_t pixel)
+	static uint16_t rgba8888_to_rgba5551(uint32_t c)
+	{
+		uint32_t r = (c >> 24) & 0xFFu;
+		uint32_t g = (c >> 16) & 0xFFu;
+		uint32_t b = (c >> 8) & 0xFFu;
+		uint32_t a = c & 0xFFu;
+		return static_cast<uint16_t>(
+			((r >> 3) << 11) |
+			((g >> 3) << 6) |
+			((b >> 3) << 1) |
+			(a ? 1u : 0u));
+	}
+
+	static void WritePixel5551(std::ofstream& file, uint16_t pixel)
 	{
 		file << "0x"
 			<< std::uppercase
 			<< std::hex
-			<< std::setw(8)
+			<< std::setw(4)
 			<< std::setfill('0')
 			<< pixel
 			<< std::dec
@ -305,7 +318,7 @@ namespace
 		file << "{\n";
 		file << "\tstatic const int32_t tom_atlas_width = " << AtlasWidth << ";\n";
 		file << "\tstatic const int32_t tom_atlas_height = " << atlas_height << ";\n\n";
-		file << "\tstatic const uint32_t tom_atlas_pixels[] = {\n";
+		file << "\tstatic const uint16_t tom_atlas_pixels[] = {\n";

 		for (size_t i = 0; i < atlas_pixels.size(); i += 12)
 		{
@ -313,7 +326,7 @@ namespace
 			const size_t end = std::min(i + 12, atlas_pixels.size());
 			for (size_t j = i; j < end; ++j)
 			{
-				WritePixel(file, atlas_pixels[j]);
+				WritePixel5551(file, rgba8888_to_rgba5551(atlas_pixels[j]));
 				file << ", ";
 			}
 			file << "\n";
@ -321,7 +334,8 @@ namespace

 		file << "\t};\n\n";
 		file << "\tstatic const RenderData::Image image("
-			<< "tom_atlas_pixels, tom_atlas_width, tom_atlas_height, 0x00000000u);\n\n";
+			<< "tom_atlas_pixels, tom_atlas_width, tom_atlas_height, 0x0000, "
+			<< "RenderData::PixelFormat::RGBA5551);\n\n";

 		for (size_t i = 0; i < regions.size(); ++i)
 		{
--- a/src/Asset/SpriteAssetLoader.cpp
+++ b/src/Asset/SpriteAssetLoader.cpp
@ -1,180 +0,0 @@
-#include "SpriteAssetLoader.h"
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <fstream>
-#include <limits>
-#include <vector>
-
-namespace
-{
-	static const char SpriteMagic[4] = { 'S', 'P', 'R', 'T' };
-	static const size_t SpriteHeaderSize = 20;
-	static const uint32_t SpriteVersion = 1;
-	static const uint32_t SpriteFormatRgba8888 = 1;
-	static const uint64_t MaxSpritePixels = 8192ull * 8192ull;
-
-	static bool ReadExact(std::ifstream& file, char* data, size_t size)
-	{
-		file.read(data, static_cast<std::streamsize>(size));
-		return static_cast<size_t>(file.gcount()) == size;
-	}
-
-	static bool ReadU32LE(const std::vector<uint8_t>& bytes, size_t offset, uint32_t& value)
-	{
-		if (offset + 4 > bytes.size())
-		{
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		value =
-			static_cast<uint32_t>(bytes[offset]) |
-			(static_cast<uint32_t>(bytes[offset + 1]) << 8) |
-			(static_cast<uint32_t>(bytes[offset + 2]) << 16) |
-			(static_cast<uint32_t>(bytes[offset + 3]) << 24);
-		return true;
-	}
-
-	static void WriteU32LE(std::ofstream& file, uint32_t value)
-	{
-		const char bytes[4] = {
-			static_cast<char>(value & 0xFF),
-			static_cast<char>((value >> 8) & 0xFF),
-			static_cast<char>((value >> 16) & 0xFF),
-			static_cast<char>((value >> 24) & 0xFF)
-		};
-		file.write(bytes, sizeof(bytes));
-	}
-
-	static bool CheckPixelCount(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, size_t& pixelCount)
-	{
-		if (width == 0 || height == 0)
-		{
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		const uint64_t total = static_cast<uint64_t>(width) * static_cast<uint64_t>(height);
-		if (total > MaxSpritePixels ||
-			total > static_cast<uint64_t>(std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() / sizeof(uint32_t)))
-		{
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		pixelCount = static_cast<size_t>(total);
-		return true;
-	}
-
-	static bool ReadPixels(std::ifstream& file, std::vector<uint32_t>& pixels)
-	{
-		std::vector<uint8_t> bytes(pixels.size() * sizeof(uint32_t), 0);
-		if (!ReadExact(file, reinterpret_cast<char*>(bytes.data()), bytes.size()))
-		{
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		for (size_t i = 0; i < pixels.size(); ++i)
-		{
-			uint32_t value = 0;
-			if (!ReadU32LE(bytes, i * sizeof(uint32_t), value))
-			{
-				return false;
-			}
-			pixels[i] = value;
-		}
-
-		return true;
-	}
-
-	static void WritePixels(std::ofstream& file, const RenderData::Image& image)
-	{
-		for (size_t i = 0; i < image.total_pixels(); ++i)
-		{
-			WriteU32LE(file, image.data()[i]);
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-namespace Asset
-{
-	bool SpriteAssetLoader::Load(const std::string& path, RenderData::Image& image)
-	{
-		std::ifstream file(path.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
-		if (!file.good())
-		{
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		std::vector<uint8_t> header(SpriteHeaderSize, 0);
-		if (!ReadExact(file, reinterpret_cast<char*>(header.data()), header.size()))
-		{
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		if (header[0] != SpriteMagic[0] ||
-			header[1] != SpriteMagic[1] ||
-			header[2] != SpriteMagic[2] ||
-			header[3] != SpriteMagic[3])
-		{
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		uint32_t version = 0;
-		uint32_t width = 0;
-		uint32_t height = 0;
-		uint32_t format = 0;
-		if (!ReadU32LE(header, 4, version) ||
-			!ReadU32LE(header, 8, width) ||
-			!ReadU32LE(header, 12, height) ||
-			!ReadU32LE(header, 16, format))
-		{
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		size_t pixelCount = 0;
-		if (version != SpriteVersion ||
-			format != SpriteFormatRgba8888 ||
-			!CheckPixelCount(width, height, pixelCount))
-		{
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		std::vector<uint32_t> pixels(pixelCount, 0);
-		if (!ReadPixels(file, pixels))
-		{
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		char trailingByte = 0;
-		file.read(&trailingByte, 1);
-		if (file.gcount() != 0)
-		{
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		image = RenderData::Image(
-			static_cast<int32_t>(width),
-			static_cast<int32_t>(height),
-			pixels);
-		return image.is_valid();
-	}
-
-	bool SpriteAssetLoader::Save(const std::string& path, const RenderData::Image& image)
-	{
-		if (!image.is_valid())
-		{
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		std::ofstream file(path.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
-		if (!file.good())
-		{
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		file.write(SpriteMagic, sizeof(SpriteMagic));
-		WriteU32LE(file, SpriteVersion);
-		WriteU32LE(file, static_cast<uint32_t>(image.get_width()));
-		WriteU32LE(file, static_cast<uint32_t>(image.get_height()));
-		WriteU32LE(file, SpriteFormatRgba8888);
-		WritePixels(file, image);
-		return file.good();
-	}
-}
--- a/src/Asset/SpriteAssetLoader.h
+++ b/src/Asset/SpriteAssetLoader.h
@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-#include <string>
-#include "Image.h"
-
-namespace Asset
-{
-	class SpriteAssetLoader
-	{
-	public:
-		static const char* GetFileExtension() { return ".sprite"; }
-		static bool Load(const std::string& path, RenderData::Image& image);
-		static bool Save(const std::string& path, const RenderData::Image& image);
-	};
-}
--- a/src/Core/Asset/SpriteAssetLoader.cpp
+++ b/src/Core/Asset/SpriteAssetLoader.cpp
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ namespace
 	static const char SpriteMagic[4] = { 'S', 'P', 'R', 'T' };
 	static const size_t SpriteHeaderSize = 20;
 	static const uint32_t SpriteVersion = 1;
-	static const uint32_t SpriteFormatRgba8888 = 1;
+	static const uint32_t SpriteFormatRgba5551 = 2;
 	static const uint64_t MaxSpritePixels = 8192ull * 8192ull;

 	static bool ReadExact(std::ifstream& file, char* data, size_t size)
@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ namespace

 		const uint64_t total = static_cast<uint64_t>(width) * static_cast<uint64_t>(height);
 		if (total > MaxSpritePixels ||
-			total > static_cast<uint64_t>(std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() / sizeof(uint32_t)))
+			total > static_cast<uint64_t>(std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() / sizeof(uint16_t)))
 		{
 			return false;
 		}
@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ namespace
 		return true;
 	}

-	static bool ReadPixels(std::ifstream& file, std::vector<uint32_t>& pixels)
+	static bool ReadPixels5551(std::ifstream& file, std::vector<uint16_t>& pixels)
 	{
-		std::vector<uint8_t> bytes(pixels.size() * sizeof(uint32_t), 0);
+		std::vector<uint8_t> bytes(pixels.size() * sizeof(uint16_t), 0);
 		if (!ReadExact(file, reinterpret_cast<char*>(bytes.data()), bytes.size()))
 		{
 			return false;
@ -71,23 +71,28 @@ namespace

 		for (size_t i = 0; i < pixels.size(); ++i)
 		{
-			uint32_t value = 0;
-			if (!ReadU32LE(bytes, i * sizeof(uint32_t), value))
-			{
-				return false;
-			}
-			pixels[i] = value;
+			pixels[i] = static_cast<uint16_t>(bytes[i * 2]) |
+			            (static_cast<uint16_t>(bytes[i * 2 + 1]) << 8);
 		}

 		return true;
 	}
+
+	static void WritePixel5551(std::ofstream& file, uint16_t pixel)
+	{
+		const char bytes[2] = {
+			static_cast<char>(pixel & 0xFF),
+			static_cast<char>((pixel >> 8) & 0xFF)
+		};
+		file.write(bytes, sizeof(bytes));
+	}
 }

 namespace Asset
 {
 	bool SpriteAssetLoader::Load(
 		const std::string& path,
-		std::vector<uint32_t>& pixels,
+		std::vector<uint16_t>& pixels,
 		RenderData::Image& image)
 	{
 		std::ifstream file(path.c_str(), std::ios::binary);
@ -124,14 +129,14 @@ namespace Asset

 		size_t pixelCount = 0;
 		if (version != SpriteVersion ||
-			format != SpriteFormatRgba8888 ||
+			format != SpriteFormatRgba5551 ||
 			!CheckPixelCount(width, height, pixelCount))
 		{
 			return false;
 		}

-		std::vector<uint32_t> loadedPixels(pixelCount, 0);
-		if (!ReadPixels(file, loadedPixels))
+		std::vector<uint16_t> loadedPixels(pixelCount, 0);
+		if (!ReadPixels5551(file, loadedPixels))
 		{
 			return false;
 		}
@ -144,7 +149,11 @@ namespace Asset
 		}

 		pixels.swap(loadedPixels);
-		image = RenderData::Image(pixels.data(), static_cast<int32_t>(width), static_cast<int32_t>(height));
+		image = RenderData::Image(
+			pixels.data(),
+			static_cast<int32_t>(width),
+			static_cast<int32_t>(height),
+			RenderData::PixelFormat::RGBA5551);
 		return image.pixels != nullptr && image.width > 0 && image.height > 0;
 	}

@ -171,10 +180,23 @@ namespace Asset
 		WriteU32LE(file, SpriteVersion);
 		WriteU32LE(file, static_cast<uint32_t>(image.width));
 		WriteU32LE(file, static_cast<uint32_t>(image.height));
-		WriteU32LE(file, SpriteFormatRgba8888);
-		for (size_t i = 0; i < pixelCount; ++i)
+		WriteU32LE(file, SpriteFormatRgba5551);
+
+		if (image.format == RenderData::PixelFormat::RGBA5551)
 		{
-			WriteU32LE(file, image.pixels[i]);
+			const uint16_t* pixels16 = static_cast<const uint16_t*>(image.pixels);
+			for (size_t i = 0; i < pixelCount; ++i)
+			{
+				WritePixel5551(file, pixels16[i]);
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			const uint32_t* pixels32 = static_cast<const uint32_t*>(image.pixels);
+			for (size_t i = 0; i < pixelCount; ++i)
+			{
+				WritePixel5551(file, RenderData::rgba8888_to_rgba5551(pixels32[i]));
+			}
 		}

 		return file.good();
--- a/src/Core/Asset/SpriteAssetLoader.h
+++ b/src/Core/Asset/SpriteAssetLoader.h
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ namespace Asset
 	public:
 		static const char* GetFileExtension() { return ".sprite"; }

-		static bool Load(const std::string& path, std::vector<uint32_t>& pixels, RenderData::Image& image);
+		static bool Load(const std::string& path, std::vector<uint16_t>& pixels, RenderData::Image& image);
 		static bool Save(const std::string& path, const RenderData::Image& image);
 	};
 }
--- a/src/Core/Core/FrameBuffer.h
+++ b/src/Core/Core/FrameBuffer.h
@ -7,7 +7,6 @@

 namespace Core
 {
-#ifdef USE_RGB565_BACKBUFFER
 	typedef uint16_t FramePixel;
 	inline uint16_t rgba_to_frame_pixel(uint32_t rgba)
 	{
@ -16,10 +15,6 @@ namespace Core
 		const uint32_t b = (rgba >> 8) & 0xFFu;
 		return static_cast<uint16_t>(((r & 0xF8u) << 8) | ((g & 0xFCu) << 3) | (b >> 3));
 	}
-#else
-	typedef uint32_t FramePixel;
-	inline uint32_t rgba_to_frame_pixel(uint32_t rgba) { return rgba; }
-#endif

 	class FrameBuffer
 	{
--- a/src/Core/Draw2D/DrawContext.cpp
+++ b/src/Core/Draw2D/DrawContext.cpp
@ -124,25 +124,67 @@ namespace Core
 		if (dst_x + end_dx > screen_w) end_dx = screen_w - dst_x;
 		if (dst_y + end_dy > screen_h) end_dy = screen_h - dst_y;

-		const uint32_t* src = img.pixels;
+		if (img.format == RenderData::PixelFormat::RGBA5551)
+		{
+			Core::FramePixel* dst = static_cast<Core::FramePixel*>(frameBuffer->get_buffer());
+			const int32_t fb_w = frameBuffer->get_width();
+			const uint16_t* src = static_cast<const uint16_t*>(img.pixels);
+
+			if (scale == 1)
+			{
+				for (int32_t sy = start_dy; sy < end_dy; ++sy)
+				{
+					const int32_t read_y = flip_v ? (src_y + src_h - 1 - sy) : (src_y + sy);
+					const int32_t dst_y_abs = dst_y + sy;
+					Core::FramePixel* dst_row = dst + dst_y_abs * fb_w;
+
+					for (int32_t sx = start_dx; sx < end_dx; ++sx)
+					{
+						const int32_t read_x = flip_h ? (src_x + src_w - 1 - sx) : (src_x + sx);
+						const uint16_t pixel = src[read_y * img_w + read_x];
+						if (!RenderData::rgba5551_is_opaque(pixel)) continue;
+						dst_row[dst_x + sx] = RenderData::rgba5551_to_rgb565(pixel);
+					}
+				}
+				return;
+			}
+
+			for (int32_t dy_abs = start_dy; dy_abs < end_dy; ++dy_abs)
+			{
+				const int32_t sy = dy_abs / scale;
+				const int32_t read_y = flip_v ? (src_y + src_h - 1 - sy) : (src_y + sy);
+				const int32_t dst_y_abs = dst_y + dy_abs;
+				Core::FramePixel* dst_row = dst + dst_y_abs * fb_w;
+
+				for (int32_t dx_abs = start_dx; dx_abs < end_dx; ++dx_abs)
+				{
+					const int32_t sx = dx_abs / scale;
+					const int32_t read_x = flip_h ? (src_x + src_w - 1 - sx) : (src_x + sx);
+					const uint16_t pixel = src[read_y * img_w + read_x];
+					if (!RenderData::rgba5551_is_opaque(pixel)) continue;
+					dst_row[dst_x + dx_abs] = RenderData::rgba5551_to_rgb565(pixel);
+				}
+			}
+			return;
+		}
+
 		const bool has_key = img.has_color_key;
-		const uint32_t key = img.color_key;
+		const uint32_t key = RenderData::rgba5551_to_rgba8888(img.color_key);
+		const uint32_t* src32 = static_cast<const uint32_t*>(img.pixels);

 		if (scale == 1)
 		{
 			for (int32_t sy = start_dy; sy < end_dy; ++sy)
 			{
 				const int32_t read_y = flip_v ? (src_y + src_h - 1 - sy) : (src_y + sy);
-				const uint32_t* row = src + read_y * img_w;
 				const int32_t dst_y_abs = dst_y + sy;

 				for (int32_t sx = start_dx; sx < end_dx; ++sx)
 				{
 					const int32_t read_x = flip_h ? (src_x + src_w - 1 - sx) : (src_x + sx);
-					const uint32_t pixel = row[read_x];
-
+					const uint32_t pixel = src32[read_y * img_w + read_x];
+					if ((pixel & 0xFFu) == 0u) continue;
 					if (has_key && pixel == key) continue;
-
 					frameBuffer->set_pixel_unsafe(dst_x + sx, dst_y_abs, pixel);
 				}
 			}
@ -153,17 +195,15 @@ namespace Core
 		{
 			const int32_t sy = dy_abs / scale;
 			const int32_t read_y = flip_v ? (src_y + src_h - 1 - sy) : (src_y + sy);
-			const uint32_t* row = src + read_y * img_w;
 			const int32_t dst_y_abs = dst_y + dy_abs;

 			for (int32_t dx_abs = start_dx; dx_abs < end_dx; ++dx_abs)
 			{
 				const int32_t sx = dx_abs / scale;
 				const int32_t read_x = flip_h ? (src_x + src_w - 1 - sx) : (src_x + sx);
-				const uint32_t pixel = row[read_x];
-
+				const uint32_t pixel = src32[read_y * img_w + read_x];
+				if ((pixel & 0xFFu) == 0u) continue;
 				if (has_key && pixel == key) continue;
-
 				frameBuffer->set_pixel_unsafe(dst_x + dx_abs, dst_y_abs, pixel);
 			}
 		}
@ -273,13 +313,14 @@ namespace Core

 		if (x0 >= x1 || y0 >= y1) return;

-		uint32_t* buf = static_cast<uint32_t*>(frameBuffer->get_buffer());
+		const Core::FramePixel pixel = Core::rgba_to_frame_pixel(rgba);
+		Core::FramePixel* buf = static_cast<Core::FramePixel*>(frameBuffer->get_buffer());
 		for (int32_t row = y0; row < y1; ++row)
 		{
-			uint32_t* dst = buf + row * fb_w + x0;
+			Core::FramePixel* dst = buf + row * fb_w + x0;
 			for (int32_t i = 0; i < x1 - x0; ++i)
 			{
-				dst[i] = rgba;
+				dst[i] = pixel;
 			}
 		}
 	}
@ -293,7 +334,7 @@ namespace Core
 		const int32_t cw = font.char_w;
 		const int32_t ch = font.char_h;
 		const int32_t atlas_w = font.atlas.width;
-		const uint32_t* src = font.atlas.pixels;
+		const uint32_t* src = static_cast<const uint32_t*>(font.atlas.pixels);
 		const int32_t screen_w = frameBuffer->get_width();
 		const int32_t screen_h = frameBuffer->get_height();

--- a/src/Core/Platform/FBDisplay.cpp
+++ b/src/Core/Platform/FBDisplay.cpp
@ -15,18 +15,18 @@ namespace Platform
 {
 	namespace
 	{
-		inline uint16_t rgba_to_rgb565(uint32_t rgba)
-		{
-			const uint32_t r = (rgba >> 24) & 0xFFu;
-			const uint32_t g = (rgba >> 16) & 0xFFu;
-			const uint32_t b = (rgba >> 8) & 0xFFu;
-			return static_cast<uint16_t>(((r & 0xF8u) << 8) | ((g & 0xFCu) << 3) | (b >> 3));
-		}
-
 		inline uint32_t rgba_to_argb8888(uint32_t rgba)
 		{
 			return ((rgba >> 8) & 0x00FFFFFFu) | ((rgba & 0xFFu) << 24);
 		}
+
+		inline uint32_t rgb565_to_rgba8888(uint16_t c)
+		{
+			uint32_t r = (c >> 11) & 0x1Fu;
+			uint32_t g = (c >> 5) & 0x3Fu;
+			uint32_t b = c & 0x1Fu;
+			return (r << 27) | (r << 24) | (g << 18) | (g << 16) | (b << 11) | (b << 8) | 0xFFu;
+		}
 	}

 	bool FBDisplay::init(int w, int h)
@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ namespace Platform
 		if (!fb_mem || !framebuffer)
 			return;

-		const uint32_t* src = static_cast<const uint32_t*>(framebuffer->get_buffer());
+		const uint16_t* src = static_cast<const uint16_t*>(framebuffer->get_buffer());
 		const int src_width = framebuffer->get_width();
 		const int dst_width = std::min(src_width, static_cast<int>(vinfo.xres));
 		const int dst_height = std::min(framebuffer->get_height(), static_cast<int>(vinfo.yres));
@ -119,8 +119,6 @@ namespace Platform

 		if (is_rgb565)
 		{
-#ifdef USE_RGB565_BACKBUFFER
-			// backbuffer 内部已是 RGB565，直接行拷贝提交
 			const uint8_t* src_bytes = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(framebuffer->get_buffer());
 			if (static_cast<int>(finfo.line_length) == dst_width * 2)
 			{
@ -135,17 +133,6 @@ namespace Platform
 					            dst_width * 2);
 				}
 			}
-#else
-			for (int y = 0; y < dst_height; ++y)
-			{
-				const uint32_t* src_row = src + y * src_width;
-				uint16_t* dst_row = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(fb_mem + y * finfo.line_length);
-				for (int x = 0; x < dst_width; ++x)
-				{
-					dst_row[x] = rgba_to_rgb565(src_row[x]);
-				}
-			}
-#endif
 			return;
 		}

@ -153,19 +140,27 @@ namespace Platform
 		{
 			for (int y = 0; y < dst_height; ++y)
 			{
-				const uint32_t* src_row = src + y * src_width;
+				const uint16_t* src_row = src + y * src_width;
 				uint32_t* dst_row = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(fb_mem + y * finfo.line_length);
 				for (int x = 0; x < dst_width; ++x)
 				{
-					dst_row[x] = rgba_to_argb8888(src_row[x]);
+					dst_row[x] = rgba_to_argb8888(rgb565_to_rgba8888(src_row[x]));
 				}
 			}
 			return;
 		}

-		if (is_rgba8888 && dst_width == src_width && static_cast<int>(finfo.line_length) == dst_width * 4)
+		if (is_rgba8888)
 		{
-			std::memcpy(fb_mem, src, static_cast<size_t>(dst_height) * static_cast<size_t>(dst_width) * sizeof(uint32_t));
+			for (int y = 0; y < dst_height; ++y)
+			{
+				const uint16_t* src_row = src + y * src_width;
+				uint32_t* dst_row = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(fb_mem + y * finfo.line_length);
+				for (int x = 0; x < dst_width; ++x)
+				{
+					dst_row[x] = rgb565_to_rgba8888(src_row[x]);
+				}
+			}
 			return;
 		}

@ -173,7 +168,7 @@ namespace Platform
 		{
 			for (int x = 0; x < dst_width; ++x)
 			{
-				uint32_t pixel = convert_pixel(src[y * src_width + x]);
+				uint32_t pixel = convert_pixel(rgb565_to_rgba8888(src[y * src_width + x]));
 				uint8_t* dst = fb_mem + y * finfo.line_length + x * bytes_per_pixel;
 				if (vinfo.bits_per_pixel == 32)
 				{
--- a/src/Core/Platform/SDLDisplay.cpp
+++ b/src/Core/Platform/SDLDisplay.cpp
@ -42,13 +42,8 @@ namespace Platform
 			return false;
 		}

-#ifdef USE_RGB565_BACKBUFFER
 		const Uint32 sdl_pixel_format = SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGB565;
 		const int pixel_bytes = 2;
-#else
-		const Uint32 sdl_pixel_format = SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGBA8888;
-		const int pixel_bytes = 4;
-#endif
 		texture = SDL_CreateTexture(
 			renderer,
 			sdl_pixel_format,
@ -67,11 +62,7 @@ namespace Platform

 	void SDLDisplay::present(const Core::FrameBuffer* framebuffer)
 	{
-#ifdef USE_RGB565_BACKBUFFER
 		const int pixel_bytes = 2;
-#else
-		const int pixel_bytes = 4;
-#endif
 		SDL_UpdateTexture(texture, nullptr, framebuffer->get_buffer(), width * pixel_bytes);
 		SDL_RenderClear(renderer);
 		SDL_RenderCopy(renderer, texture, nullptr, nullptr);
--- a/src/Core/RenderData/Image.h
+++ b/src/Core/RenderData/Image.h
@ -4,25 +4,86 @@

 namespace RenderData
 {
+	enum class PixelFormat
+	{
+		RGBA8888,
+		RGBA5551
+	};
+
+	inline uint16_t rgba5551_to_rgb565(uint16_t c)
+	{
+		const uint16_t r = static_cast<uint16_t>((c >> 11) & 0x1Fu);
+		const uint16_t g = static_cast<uint16_t>((c >> 6) & 0x1Fu);
+		const uint16_t b = static_cast<uint16_t>((c >> 1) & 0x1Fu);
+		const uint16_t g6 = static_cast<uint16_t>((g << 1) | (g >> 4));
+		return static_cast<uint16_t>((r << 11) | (g6 << 5) | b);
+	}
+
+	inline bool rgba5551_is_opaque(uint16_t c)
+	{
+		return (c & 0x1u) != 0;
+	}
+
+	inline uint32_t rgba5551_to_rgba8888(uint16_t c)
+	{
+		uint32_t r = (c >> 11) & 0x1Fu;
+		uint32_t g = (c >> 6) & 0x1Fu;
+		uint32_t b = (c >> 1) & 0x1Fu;
+		uint32_t a = c & 0x1u;
+		return (r << 27) | (r << 24) |
+		       (g << 19) | (g << 16) |
+		       (b << 11) | (b << 8) |
+		       (a ? 0xFFu : 0x00u);
+	}
+
+	inline uint16_t rgba8888_to_rgba5551(uint32_t c)
+	{
+		uint32_t r = (c >> 24) & 0xFFu;
+		uint32_t g = (c >> 16) & 0xFFu;
+		uint32_t b = (c >> 8) & 0xFFu;
+		uint32_t a = c & 0xFFu;
+		return static_cast<uint16_t>(
+			((r >> 3) << 11) |
+			((g >> 3) << 6) |
+			((b >> 3) << 1) |
+			(a ? 1u : 0u));
+	}
+
 	struct Image
 	{
-		const uint32_t* pixels;
+		const void* pixels;
 		int32_t width;
 		int32_t height;
-		uint32_t color_key;
+		uint16_t color_key;
 		bool has_color_key;
+		PixelFormat format;

-		Image() : pixels(nullptr), width(0), height(0), color_key(0), has_color_key(false) {}
+		Image()
+			: pixels(nullptr), width(0), height(0),
+			  color_key(0), has_color_key(false),
+			  format(PixelFormat::RGBA8888) {}

-		Image(const uint32_t* pixels, int32_t width, int32_t height)
-			: pixels(pixels), width(width), height(height), color_key(0), has_color_key(false) {}
+		Image(const void* pixels, int32_t width, int32_t height,
+		      PixelFormat fmt = PixelFormat::RGBA8888)
+			: pixels(pixels), width(width), height(height),
+			  color_key(0), has_color_key(false),
+			  format(fmt) {}

-		Image(const uint32_t* pixels, int32_t width, int32_t height, uint32_t color_key)
-			: pixels(pixels), width(width), height(height), color_key(color_key), has_color_key(true) {}
+		Image(const void* pixels, int32_t width, int32_t height,
+		      uint16_t color_key,
+		      PixelFormat fmt = PixelFormat::RGBA8888)
+			: pixels(pixels), width(width), height(height),
+			  color_key(color_key), has_color_key(true),
+			  format(fmt) {}

 		uint32_t get_pixel(int32_t x, int32_t y) const
 		{
-			return pixels[y * width + x];
+			if (format == PixelFormat::RGBA5551)
+			{
+				return rgba5551_to_rgba8888(
+					static_cast<const uint16_t*>(pixels)[y * width + x]);
+			}
+			return static_cast<const uint32_t*>(pixels)[y * width + x];
 		}
 	};
 }
--- a/tests/render_pipeline_tests.cpp
+++ b/tests/render_pipeline_tests.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+#include "Display.h"
+#include "DrawContext.h"
+#include "FrameBuffer.h"
+#include "Image.h"
+#include "SpriteAssetLoader.h"
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace
+{
+	class CaptureDisplay : public Platform::IDisplay
+	{
+	public:
+		const Core::FrameBuffer* framebuffer;
+
+		CaptureDisplay()
+			: framebuffer(nullptr)
+		{
+		}
+
+		bool init(int, int) override { return true; }
+		void present(const Core::FrameBuffer* fb) override { framebuffer = fb; }
+		void poll_events(bool&) override {}
+		void shutdown() override {}
+	};
+
+	void TestFramePixelIsRgb565()
+	{
+		static_assert(sizeof(Core::FramePixel) == sizeof(uint16_t), "FramePixel must stay RGB565");
+		assert(RenderData::rgba5551_to_rgb565(0xF801u) == 0xF800u);
+		assert(RenderData::rgba5551_to_rgb565(0x07C1u) == 0x07E0u);
+		assert(RenderData::rgba5551_to_rgb565(0x003Fu) == 0x001Fu);
+	}
+
+	void TestFrameBufferStoresRgb565()
+	{
+		Core::FrameBuffer framebuffer(2, 1);
+		framebuffer.clear(RenderData::Color(255, 0, 0, 255));
+
+		const Core::FramePixel* pixels = static_cast<const Core::FramePixel*>(framebuffer.get_buffer());
+		assert(pixels[0] == 0xF800u);
+		assert(pixels[1] == 0xF800u);
+	}
+
+	void TestDrawSpriteUsesOneBitAlpha()
+	{
+		const uint16_t sprite_pixels[] = {
+			0xF800u,
+			0x07C1u
+		};
+
+		Core::DrawContext ctx(2, 1);
+		ctx.clear_color(RenderData::Color(0, 0, 255, 255));
+
+		RenderData::Image sprite(
+			sprite_pixels,
+			2,
+			1,
+			RenderData::PixelFormat::RGBA5551);
+		ctx.draw_sprite(0, 0, sprite);
+
+		CaptureDisplay display;
+		ctx.present(&display);
+		assert(display.framebuffer != nullptr);
+
+		const Core::FramePixel* pixels =
+			static_cast<const Core::FramePixel*>(display.framebuffer->get_buffer());
+		assert(pixels[0] == 0x001Fu);
+		assert(pixels[1] == 0x07E0u);
+	}
+
+	void TestSpriteAssetLoaderRoundTripsRgba5551()
+	{
+		const std::string path = "render_pipeline_test.sprite";
+		const uint16_t original_pixels[] = {
+			0x0000u,
+			0xF801u,
+			0x07C1u,
+			0x003Fu
+		};
+
+		RenderData::Image original(
+			original_pixels,
+			2,
+			2,
+			RenderData::PixelFormat::RGBA5551);
+		assert(Asset::SpriteAssetLoader::Save(path, original));
+
+		std::vector<uint16_t> loaded_pixels;
+		RenderData::Image loaded;
+		const bool loaded_ok = Asset::SpriteAssetLoader::Load(path, loaded_pixels, loaded);
+		std::remove(path.c_str());
+
+		assert(loaded_ok);
+		assert(loaded.format == RenderData::PixelFormat::RGBA5551);
+		assert(loaded.width == 2);
+		assert(loaded.height == 2);
+		assert(loaded_pixels.size() == 4u);
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < loaded_pixels.size(); ++i)
+		{
+			assert(loaded_pixels[i] == original_pixels[i]);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+	TestFramePixelIsRgb565();
+	TestFrameBufferStoresRgb565();
+	TestDrawSpriteUsesOneBitAlpha();
+	TestSpriteAssetLoaderRoundTripsRgba5551();
+	std::cout << "render_pipeline_tests: PASS\n";
+	return 0;
+}
--- a/tools/png_to_header.py
+++ b/tools/png_to_header.py
@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 """
-将 PNG 图片转换为 C 头文件（uint32_t 像素数组）。
+将 PNG 图片转换为 C 头文件（RGBA5551 / uint16_t 像素数组）。

 用法:
    python tools/png_to_header.py input.png output.h [var_name]

-像素格式: (R << 24) | (G << 16) | (B << 8) | A
-与 FrameBuffer 的 uint32_t 格式一致。
-
-如果图片没有 alpha 通道，A 默认为 0xFF。
+像素格式: RGBA5551（5-bit R, 5-bit G, 5-bit B, 1-bit A）
+运行时 sprite 主路径只保留 1-bit 透明：A=0 跳过，A=1 覆写。
 """

 import sys
@ -23,18 +21,23 @@ def convert(input_path: str, output_path: str, var_name: str):

    packed = []
    for r, g, b, a in pixels:
-        packed.append((r << 24) | (g << 16) | (b << 8) | a)
+        packed.append(
+            ((r >> 3) << 11)
+            | ((g >> 3) << 6)
+            | ((b >> 3) << 1)
+            | (1 if a else 0)
+        )

    with open(output_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
        f.write("// Auto-generated by tools/png_to_header.py\n")
        f.write(f"#pragma once\n#include <cstdint>\n\n")
        f.write(f"static const int32_t {var_name}_width = {w};\n")
        f.write(f"static const int32_t {var_name}_height = {h};\n\n")
-        f.write(f"static const uint32_t {var_name}_pixels[] = {{\n")
+        f.write(f"static const uint16_t {var_name}_pixels[] = {{\n")

        for i in range(0, len(packed), 16):
            chunk = packed[i : i + 16]
-            line = ", ".join(f"0x{p:08X}" for p in chunk)
+            line = ", ".join(f"0x{p:04X}" for p in chunk)
            f.write(f"    {line},\n")

        f.write("};\n")